Utilization of Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica)
Local Genius is local wisdom in a particular area that has qualities and advantages with the content of universal values such as historical, religious, ethical, aesthetic, scientific, and technological values. Culture has many local geniuses that are still relevant to be used to overcome existing problems . For example (1) to deal with limited water debit in agriculture, the develop a System that regulates water systems with an environmental perspective. (2) to preserve the forest, the concept of duwe forest or sacred forest was developed and (3) to achieve prosperity, happiness, and peace in harmony, the Balinese people use the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana (three elements that cause happiness).
The local genius mentioned above.
For this reason, the writer tries to explore the local concept of genius found and related to the CHAPTER of Growth and Development in the discipline of Plant Physiology which is about "Utilization of Mimba Leaves (Assigning the Chemical Structure of Phthalate Isolate in of Azadirachta Indica), ".
The formulation of the problem that the writer can take from the background of the above problem is:
1. What is the general description of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica)?
2. What and what is meant by ethylene gas?
3. How is the process of extracting (ripening) fruits by using neem leaves (Azadirachta indica)?
The purpose of writing that the writer can take from the above problem formulation is:
1. To find out the general description of the Mimba Plant ((Azadirachta indica)?
2. To find out about ethylene gas.
3. To find out about the process of charging (cooking) fruits by using neem leaves (Azadirachta indica).
The writing methods used by the author in the making of this paper are:
1. Interview Method that is by conducting interviews with the resource person (A.A. Alit Ratnadi) about the process of charging (cooking) fruit that is usually carried out by the Banjar Batannyuh Kelod community in particular, and the Karangasem Community in general.
2. Literature Method that is by finding and studying the sources relevant to the material of this paper. Through the library and browsing on the internet.
Mimba plants (Azadirachta indica) usually live in areas with very wide temperature and rainfall ranges. As it can survive in areas with long dry seasons and annual rainfall of 450-2250 mm. It is often found in life at an altitude of 0-700 meters above sea level, but can also grow at altitudes above 1500 if the temperature is not too high.
Medium-sized trees, more than 15 m tall, rarely reaching 25 m, short straight stems, mostly covered with branches, canopy, oval and large. The old bark is dark gray, thick and grooved.
Compound leaves, 7-17 pairs per stem, oval-shaped and toothed, 6-8 cm long, 1-3 cm wide. Tassel-shaped flowers with a length of 10-30 cm, white to beige. Mimba is sometimes confused with mind.
The neem leaves are arranged spirally, gathered at the end of the chain, are even pinnate compound leaves. The number of leaflets is even at the end of the stalk, with 8-16 strands. serrated leaf edge, toothed, raised, thin leaf blade like skin and easy to seep. Wake up child leaves extending to half lancet, base of spiky leaf child, tip of spiky leaf child and half tapered, barren or slightly hairy. The length of the young leaves is about 3-10.5 cm (Backer and Van der Brink, 1965).
Azadirachta indica leaves contain compounds including β-sitosterol, hyperoside, nimbolide, quercetin, quercitrin, routine, azadirachtin, and nimbine. Some of them are revealed to have anticancer activity (Duke, 1992). Azadirachta indica Juss leaves contain nimbin, nimbine, 6-desacetylbimbine, nimbolide and quercetin (Neem Foundation, 1997).
Ethylene is a hormone or plant growth regulator in gaseous plants (Lakitan, 1996).
Ethylene is a hydrocarbon compound composed of 2 atoms of C (carbon) and 4 O (oxygen) atoms joined by double bonds (H2C = CH2). The chemical structure of ethylene is very simple, consisting of two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms as seen in the chemical structure in scheme 1:
This double bond is important for the stability of ethylene when needed during physiological responses. At room temperature, this compound is a gas. In plants, this compound is one of the hormones that play a role in influencing physiological responses. Because it is a gas and is a simple molecule, the mechanism of transport of this hormone is unlike other hormones that move from cell to cell, or through a transport system of transport beams.
Ethylene transport occurs by diffusion, as does oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Ethylene also has special receptors that cause physiological responses in plant organs, such as in inducing germination responses (Leopold & Kredmann, 1975).
Ethylene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound which at room temperature is in the form of gas. Ethylene can be produced by living plant tissue, at certain times this compound can cause important changes in the process of growth and maturation of agricultural products (Winarno, 1992). Ethylene is a gas that in plant life can be classified as an active hormone in the maturation process. Called a hormone because it can meet the requirements as a hormone, which is produced by plants, is mobile in plant tissue and is an organic compound.